Linking Words: Adding, Organizing and summarizing;
1. Adding
Information and Examples
a. The use of "for
example / for instance"
The expressions of "for example/for instance" can be used for adding the idea that we are talking. The expressiona of "forexample/for instance" can be place or go on at the beginning or the
end of a sentence.
There are a number of problems encountered by the teachers when they are teaching. For example, many of students make a noice and come late
There are a number of problems in this school. For
example, many of the classrooms don’t have audiovisual equipment.
Mrs. Karen has a lot of brilliant ideas for my blog –
Providing an discussion column, for instance.
In a written English the expressions of "for example and for instance" can be replace by " i.e. and e.g". The "i.e" used to give further explanation or clarification, means "that is or in other words"; however, the "e.g" used to give example means "for example".
Our last marketing campaign failed (i.e. we spent
$50,000 and didn’t make many sales).
I enjoy radical sports (e.g. rock climbing, hang
gliding, and windsurfing).
b. The use of "namely / such as
The Difference of the use of "namely and such as" that is the expression of ""namely" is followed by All of the examples you referred to, but th expression of "such as" gives
only one or some of the examples, not all of them.
A few of the students – namely Brian, Thomas, and Jack – failed the course.
A few of the students, such as Brian, failed the course.
c. The use of "Also / Too"
The use of "Also" can be place in the middle of a sentence, whereas too is typically used at the end.
We did a lot of sightseeing on our vacation. We also bought a number of souvenirs.
We did a lot of sightseeing on our vacation. We bought a number of souvenirs, too.
d. The use of "as well / as well as"
As well goes at the end of the sentence (similarly to too).As well as must be followed by another word.
She’s not only extremely successful, she’s beautiful as well.
She’s beautiful as well as being extremely successful.
e. The use of "addition / moreover / furthermore"
The expressions /these linking words are usually used at the beginning of a sentence to add another idea or develop the previous point.
People who exercise regularly have more energy during the day and sleep better at night. In addition, they tend to live longer.
Construction on the new subway has been delayed for months due to budget shortfalls. Moreover, the workers are threatening to go on strike.
Our sales are expected to rise 30% in the next year. Furthermore, purchase of new equipment will help cut manufacturing costs and increase profits.
2. Organizing and Ordering Information
a. The use of "Firstly / Secondly"
When you are going to make a series of points, you can use firstly and secondly for the first and second points. After that, you can use “The third point,” ”The fourth point,” etc. or “in addition.”
b. The use of "Lastly / Finally"
For your final point, you can begin the sentence with lastly or finally. These words show your audience that you are almost finished.
c. The use of "the former / the latter"
You can use these words to refer back to two examples previously mentioned: Our company has two factories: one in Detroit and one in Atlanta. The former is operating at 95% capacity and the latter at 65%.
In this case, “the former” = the factory in Detroit, and “the latter” = the factory in Atlanta. Summarizing Information Here are some English phrases you can use to give a summary of the information you have already said or written. In general, these phrases go at the beginning of the sentence and are followed by a comma.
• In short,
• In summary,
• To summarize,
• In conclusion,
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